Biographical Sketch free essay sample

Thessalus and Draco Major University Affiliations: Asklepieion of Cos; and the Thracian Physian Herodicus of Selymbria. Historical Context: Hippocrates lived in an era called the Classical Period of ancient Greek history which was from around 500 to 336 BC. This was a period of great political and cultural advancement for Greece as it saw the development of a democratic system of government and the creation of philosophical schools on the intellectual front. The early part from 461 to 429 was a time of Greek prosperity, under the rule of repeat elected statesman Pericles, called the Golden Age or the Age of Pericles. This was a time that visionary arts, literature, grandeur architecture, education and culture were venerated in Greece. Gods were worshiped, honoured, celebrated and thought to be the reason for victory in war, the answer to ill health, the cause of good health and the ones responsible for disease as a result of their displeasure with an individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Biographical Sketch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hippocrates Major Thoughts and Ideas in the Historical Context in which they Occur: Hippocrates single most important thought and idea was his conclusions that all disorders both mental and physical were as a esult of natural factors like inherited susceptibility to disease, organic injury, and an imbalance in bodily fluids, which at the time both disease and medical practices were purely based on the occult, superstition, beliefs, magic, supernatural forces and as a result of being in favour or not being in favour with the gods. He also thought that humans comprise of the four elements; earth which was represented by black bile, air which was represented by yellow bile, fire which was represented by blood and water which was represented by phlegm. He associated an imbalance in these eing healthy. He also thought that the body had the ability to heal itself naturally and the doctor was responsible for facilitating this process focusing on treating the whole individual patient and not the disease while cures included rest, proper diet, exercise, fresh air, massage and baths. He also thought that physicians should not charge patients who could not afford to pay. Hippocrates had these thoughts and ideas back in a time when such was unheard of as people heavily relied on magic, the occult and believed that being in favour with the gods as a result of the gods eing pleased with the celebrations and ceremonies performed in their honour. He separated the works of a doctor from that of a priest in a time when it was thought to be one of the same. He thought that through observation of the patient and his ailment and recording the symptoms he could systematically help treat the patient. The Relation of Hippocrates Thoughts and Ideas to the Development of Psychology: Hippocrates was the first of his time to posit that thoughts, ideas and feelings all come from the brain and not the heart as believed in his time. He also believed in treating the whole being not Just the disease. He was of the belief that all pleasure came from the brain and that it was the brain that was responsible for human senses and the ability of human beings to distinguish things. He claimed that fear, anxiety, deliriousness and other forms of mental disorders originate in the brain as a result of an imbalance of the elements, hot, cold, moist and dry and therefore this imbalance determines a persons mental capacity and balancing out the imbalance would effectively treat the patient. Hippocrates also identified mental illnesses such as hysteria which he believed to be a disease caused by a wandering uterus, lthough it was refuted, it presented a biological explanation for mental illness. Hippocrates theory of the elements was later further developed by Galen into one of the first theories of personality. My Reasons for Choosing Hippocrates: I chose Hippocrates because his contributions revolutionized the way we look at medicine, psychology and disease. His take on health is still very relevant to todays treatments. I am of the belief that his contributions made it possible for psychotherapy, homeopathic treatments and other alternative healthcare apart from contemporary medicine. Apart from all of this he as instrumental to categorizing disease and use terms such as acute, chronic, endemic, epidemic, exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm peak and convalescence.

Ecstasy Use-Causes & Effects essays

Ecstasy Use-Causes & Effects essays Ecstasy use is getting out of control. More young people are using ecstasy now than ever before. It a time where usage of every other drug is going down, or staying at the same level ecstasy is seeing huge increases in the number of people using it. Ecstasy use has gone up 47% since 1995 (Special). There are many reasons that ecstasy is many peoples drug of choice; however, if they knew the horrible effects that ecstasy can have on your body and mind it is doubtful it would still be such a popular drug. One of the biggest reasons that ecstasy use is becoming so wide spread is peoples misconception of it. Many people see it as a harmless party drug. Others have no idea what its side effects might be and use it just because everyone else is, and figure that must make it safe to use. Unlike other harmful drugs with the same level of side effects ecstasy use is very easy to get a hold of. Because of that, the people that they are buying it from may not be very experienced users and unable to tell people what to expect. Many young people have heard of or seen the horrible effects caused by cocaine, crack cocaine, heroine or LSD, and a certain negative stigma has been attached to them. However ecstasy is a relatively new drug and not much research has been completed on its side effects. Also the younger generation has seen the effects of the older generations drug use. They have heard about the flash backs people still get from LSD use and how horribly addicting cocaine and heroine can be. And have been taught by schools, commercials and parents that smoking marijuana is not socially acceptable. Unfortunately Ecstasy use is usually left out of the parental lectures, anti-drug commercials, and school lessons on drugs. However that is not the only reason people use the drug ecstasy. Many people say they do it for enjoyment. The feelings while on ecstasy can be very pleasurable. While on ecstasy users get feelings of intimac...

INTASC Principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

INTASC Principles - Assignment Example They will learn the use of highlighting and annotating techniques required to prepare the final draft outline on the chart papers. A slide presentation will be shown as recapitulation for the students’ using the visual technique as well. Classroom Diversity and Differentiated Instruction: This lesson will incorporate individual work presentation of the previous assignment. The response of different students to the question: ‘What do you want to know about Walter Dean Myers?’ will be a reflection of the various and diverse ethnic, cultural and academic levels of the class. Each response will be acknowledged and encouraged to have a differentiated class room discussion environment. Students showing lack of interest would be gently encouraged and would be bound to participate in the classroom discussion, hence drawing a maximum learning incorporating Piaget’s theory. Students will be informed of the importance of being attentive to other view points. The students will participate in a classroom discussion on the author. All students will give their input. The teacher reinforces the importance of being attentive to each others’ viewpoint, and gives a brief insight into highlighting and annotating techniques to be implemented individually by each student. The students will listen and take notes carefully as the teacher reads out the biography. The students will see the presentation slide on the Biography of Walter Dean Myers. This lesson plan will inculcate the trait of attentiveness in the students.By paying attention to the responses of other students about the homework assignment each student will broaden his/her schema about Walter Dean Myers.The students will then listen carefully as the teacher reads the biography. They will take notes,highlight or annotate the respective text in order to prepare the draft of the information of interest about

Classroom Management Competency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Classroom Management Competency - Essay Example By doing this, the needs of the students were put first because alternatively, I could have chosen to teach the whole class together by applying a single teaching style, which would have been more convenient from the perspective of teaching. A class I recently taught in which I also developed a skill together with my students was during a lesson on how to improve listening ability in order to get a higher score on the listening section of the IELTS. Students were taught to re-read the questions and the answers before the listening passage started. From this, they could then narrow their focus and concentrate on the nature of the answer, be it a telephone number, a name, a street address etc. I conducted a thorough research for this in the area of pre-listening and on how to develop the appropriate listening ability for taking standardized tests, and then applied the knowledge I gained to practical use for the guidance and benefit of the students. I believe that when teaching a class of mixed ability students, it is necessary to adapt the material to suit the needs of a particular group of those students within the class itself. Therefore, I have often divided students into different groups, usually into lower, intermediate and advanced. By using the same material, I normally differentiate instructions for each group. This is achieved by using the same material in the class, but varying the assignment for each group according to their ability. The course materials are thus adapted by simplifying them for struggling students and using them in a challenging way for students that are abler.

Role and Responsibility of Media in Shaping Death Penalty

Role and Responsibility of Media in Shaping Death Penalty Introduction: Nothing has received more praise and abuse than Death penalty. As a global controversial issue, Death penalty has been discussed for centuries. From the definition of the death penalty, it is obvious that the punishment is brutal and inhuman for people who commit a severe crime simply because Death penalty deprives a human’s right of living on this earth. Since the peaceful lives are expected by the whole society, the crime of punishment is discussed by people anywhere at any time. Each country has different kind of crime punishment, but as for death punishment, it arise public attention and the whole democracy has focus on this issue. People hold different opinions regarding to the penalty of death, since it relates to people ‘lives. Some people support death punishment because they believe people should be punished for what they did wrong. Others refuse the regulation of death penalty, because they expect liberal. There are many reasons that people support or object the death penalty, which encompass the political consideration, Liberal consideration and democratic reasons. However, these people can be affected by the social media in reporting the content of death penalty. The website, video and TV are considered as the social media, which is produced as a movie or advertising video to educate public. People who watch the news or events related to news every day may tend to be affected by the media (Bandes,S. 2003). This is considered as the power of me dia, people may change their mind by following the content or idea from media (Bandes,S. 2003). The aim of this article is to discuss the popular global issue-death penal. The reasons why people hold different opinions regarding to death penalty are various and why the social media could people’s opinion, which is to say, the relationship between social media and death penalty. Literature review In a lot of countries, The law allows countries to life imprisonment, But reserves the right to life. At present, Law and practice about 109 countries against the death penalty, 86 countries retain and use of the death penalty, (AI 2001). In Europe, there is no country introduce the death penalty now; and in 1999, The UN Human Rights Commission called for a global moratorium on the death penalty (Dieter 1999). Between 1990 and 2001, More than 30 countries abolished the death penalty (AI 2001). the United States still different in death penalty . In 2000, just five countries of the world government approval to perform death penalty which are: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq ,United States and China. the U.S. was one of them that accounted for 88% of executions of the worlds known (AI 2001). In the 1990s, there are seven countries to execute prisoners for crimes under 18 years old which are Iran, Pakistan, Nigeria, Congo , Yemen, Saudi Arabia and American (AI 2001). 38 American states and bot h civilian and military jurisdictions currently authorize the death penalty for capital crimes. Of this gross of 40 jurisdictions, 24 perform commitment under 18 years old (Streib 2001). Proposal In this essay will focus on â€Å"how the media influencing and covering death penalty.† and â€Å"what the influence of social media on the people opinions’ about the death penalty.† Death penalty is known as the capital punishment, which means the legal process and sentence that put people into death as the consequences for being guilty (Soss, J., Langbein, L., Metelko, A. R. 2003). There are many types of death penalty punishment, which includes burning, crushing by animals or car, falling, poison gas, hanging, sawing, shooting and so on (Niven, D. 2002). There are all brutal and horrible in the modern society which people carries the ideas of peace and cooperation. The establishment of these methods of death penalty strongly protects the whole society and people and makes sure that the criminal have the consideration of death when committing crime (Tyler Weber, 1982). However, everyone makes mistake and it does mean the person who make the mistake deserve d eath. For example, in most countries, stealing is not punished for death, but it is considered as illegal action. Therefore, how do we define if the crime is fair or unfair? As many case reveals the wrongful conviction and innocent people who dose not make the crime are killed. With respect to the reasons, people who support capital punishment would think that killers need to pay the price for what they do, slight punishment is not enough to prevent them from killing again (Wonkglog 2014). However the capital punishment is deemed to be unfair because the regulation is different from countries to countries. To illustrate, killers is sentenced to death in America but for those people who kill someone in Australia, it will only be sentenced into jail. Furthermore, some people believe that the criminal should be given the second chance, because they may be forced to kill someone or commit a crime as self-defense. Moreover, the capital punishment is an effective way to reduce crime rate (Sotirovic, Mira, 2001). Admittedly, everyone is afraid of death. Sometimes people are guilty because they need survive. Consequently, death punishment will be major consideration when they conducting a crime, such as killing, violation of women or bribery. Due to the implementation of death punishment, the rate of crime is decreased. For example, the White people are strongly supported for the death penalty for the consideration of the racial attitudes and composition. Since racial discrimination is severe in the US, everything related to the Black will be underestimated or discriminated by the White. Also, from the previous case or the imaginary content of books, movies or TV shows, the Black are deemed to conduct more severe crime for surviving. As the Black possesses low living standards, most Black people are sentenced to be guilty because they expect better living quality. They are forced to steal and kil l or duplicate ID. Because of the ambivalence, people are susceptible changing his mind. Social media play integral role in influencing people’s mind on the implementation of the death penalty. Media exaggerates and highlights the problems in the application of death penalty by evaluating the fairness of capital punishment (Lipschultz, J. H., Hilt, M. L. 1999). To be specific, to protect the safety of the society, the government tries to put up with effective way to deal with the crime rate. It is not possible that the government can educate and encourage each person to behave well, follow the moral instruction, obey the related laws and regulations, discipline as a reputable citizen. Therefore, the application of social media will assist government to report and reveal the nature of problems on the crime to the public. Since social media is an effective communicative tool that links people and people, people and society to interact each other globally. For example, a large amount of informatio n events and news can be seen from web-based Internet, TV, newspaper and on-line videos. These are useful tools as the public advocation when people using the social media to understand the information around their lives. The positive and negative effect of media on people’s opinion about death penalty The influence of social media on the people opinions’ about the death penalty can be positive or negative (Lynch, 2002). As for the negative point, media tend to exaggerate the problem regarding to the crime in order to tell people that the reality and crime is closely related and thus leading people to moral noble instruction and positive attitudes. The purpose of social media exposure and report crime is to educate the public in an opposite way, which is telling people the serious For instance, in America, the Black is discriminated. Most movies, related videos demonstrate the violence and bloody picture and pornographic contents about the black crime. Publishing and describing the negative side of the Black to people, the society and the whole world that the Black is dangerous and ruthless. Then, people are aware of the Black is dangerous and they will threaten the facilities and societies and tries to connect with them, avoid them to be friends or neighbors. Also, with more and more unhealthy, bloody and pornographic content exited via media, people, especially youngsters are affected by these content and thus their minds are changed followed by these. Indirectly, it is easy for them to go astray and more violent, supportive for the death penalty, instead losing the nature of real young people that possess native, nice and kind-hearted. Therefore, people tend to be more supportive of the death penalty in protecting themselves and societies. With respect to the positive effect, the social media is powerful tool to encourage people and the whole society to behave well as a responsible, law-abiding citizen. The media release the political news, economic information or Cultural issues, which are all considered as useful way to make people know more about the world and thus , understanding the right or wrong, what is a good responsible person? What should be done or what should not be done as responsible citizens? In understanding and acquiring more information regarding the politics and economics, people have the lower chance to commit crime. The primary aim of the creation of media is to educate and provide more information to public. The invention of social media is to offer the close relationship between people and people, people and society or the whole world. Given that each country has own sort of regulation and rules, but the main purpose is to make the better development of the society and improve the people’s living standards, provide the peace and security to people’s lives. Considering this reason, the government applies various of media resource to educate people or obtaining the democratic opinion on some important decisions. Specifically, some related video, newspaper and Internet are compiled with a story or documentary content of crime to be published with the purpose acquiring the public opinions or may change the people’s mind. For example, people who against death penalty change the mind due to the governmental advocation of the media. The liberal and democratic consideration is always the crucial when people thinking the punishment of crime. However, because the media highli ghts the problems of crime and the punishment, people consequently may choose opposite side to support capital punishment in protecting the whole society. Some citizens believe that death is bloody, violent and high profile, which indicates that the countries have no consideration of peace and sympathy. Also, it will bring a great impact in the education children’s lives. Although the media and press will cover the content or information of the real punishment of death, such as how one person should is killed by gun shot or how one person should is hanged by the rope, children can understand their countries have the regulation or laws about the death penalty. Because children are part of social media, they also, connect with the world; there is no doubt that, they can find the information via media regarding the crime punishment. The influence of media is tremendous. In the contemporary society, many actors and actress features the movies or TV shows which tells the duplicated and imaginary story and case of crime and punishment. After being sentenced as guilty, if the crime is server enough, such as killing or raping, the death penalty will be applied (Slater, M. D., Rouner, D., Long, M. 2006). Also, some bloody and unhealthy pictures are demonstrated in front of viewers, which mean people will be affected by the media potentially through watching these. In the movie of Saint of Joan, the French girl Joan was participated in the Country War to fight with England Arm. During the fight with the intruders, she was suspected as a traitor and sentenced as the death by fire. This is a good example of death penalty being implemented in an innocent people. In fact, there are several wrongful cases that innocent people being sentenced into jail or executed as death. What’s more, people could interact through media to discuss the crime related case or whether the death crime is appropriated around the society. Also, some governmental agency registered own account number on Twitter or Facebook to facilitate the discussion with the society and thus knowing if the democracy is supportive for the death penalty. Twitter and Face book provide the stage that billions of people could communicate and discuss the latest or popular news or events, no matter the limitation of the distance is bothered. Since Twitter and Facebook is globalized website and have share-linked function. People who live in the planet could communicate each other regarding global issue. One countries can attain the ideas or opinions regarding the implementation of penalty death from people who come from other countries in order to know what others people believe. Therefore the development of the countries can be better. Some people commit the guilty but the reasons can be forgiven by the public. It is common that some unsolved cases are being uploaded into website to let the public. The criminal acknowledge the guilty but he or she may be forced to do that or for the purpose of self-defense. The media provides that channel to people to speak or deliver their own opinions. People represent democracy and may have the opinions represents democracy, which means they have the sympathy on the criminal who can provide the reasons that could be forgiven to commit crime (Conquergood, 2002). By considering the opinions from people, the policeman and the government may or may not take the opinion from people but at least the democratic opinion will affect the final sentence they will be given. Also, considering the people’s opinions will reduce the chance of executed a innocent people and a false claim, because the multiple opinions and suggestions will improve the accuracy of a case. Death is not the best way to solve the problem of killing Sometimes, even the case is finished and the criminal is sentenced into death, it not the best solution for what he or she did harmful to people or the society. To illustrate, death is not the best way to solve the problem of killing. Instead, it still left panic or scare to the whole society. The primary purpose of death punishment is to ensure that people who make the severe crime, such as serial killer is responsible for what he or she did and thus it will not happen and threaten people and society in the future (Capital punishment, 2014). If the serial killer has already cause the panic and scare to people and society, capital punishment cannot help to solve the problem. After killing them, people are still scared of going outside alone at night or working alone at night. This indicates that the problem is not solved and people’s lives have been affected. Therefore, the key point is to solve the problem radically, which means make the serial killer get punished and also gi ve the society the peace and security. Last but not the least, the criminals make the crime because they are most physically and psychologically defect and probably lack of good education when they are young. Moreover, it is possible that the criminals have the bad living standards or inferior environment around them. Most case shows that large majority of criminals are from single parent family or they are divorced or they are suffered from harmful thing and horrible experience during the lives (McLeod et al. (1995). Therefore, it is effective and valid for the government to utilize social media as a channel to deliver more educated and moral documentary, motivational films on the TV, website or video. Also, the encouragement of young people accepts education when they are young and the government and parents should be supportive for children’s education. The crime rate is closely related to the education (Howard, 1995). In order to reduce the crime rate, the government should be not only educating public but also applying the cooperation of the social media. In providing the effective educational documentary via social media, people tend to behave well knowing how to be a responsible person and knowing the right thing to do and release positive energy to the whole society. Conclusion To sum up, death punishment which is known as the capital punishment is considered as brutal and ruthless in the contemporary society. To evaluate if this implementation is fair or unfair has been discussed globally. People hold different opinions because they pursue different things. As for many reasons, political, liberal and democratic consideration, the consequence of death penalty has arisen for various feedbacks. For those who support death penalty, they believe a good development and security of society can not live without punishment by people who do wrong. Death punishment is an effective tool in protecting the security and safety of human and society, so it is necessary. However, People who refuse the implementation of death penalty think it is brutal and will bring negative effective to the whole society, especially children; the key point is to solve the problem radically. These are under the consideration of liberal and democratic. Social media is a powerful tool to educ ation public with delivering the crime case to people and making them to behave moral and get away from the crime. It also highlights and exaggerates the problem of crime and thus makes people changes’ the mind and following the media. Everyone has the right to make the mistake and the right to be forgiven by public. Death penalty may be too serious for people but if the society is lack of severe punishment, the whole countries will be in chaos and people’s lives can not be guaranteed.

Long Distance Travel Public Awareness Health And Social Care Essay

Long distance traveling will implement you to be seated for long clip, there are some factors during going that may take for farther jobs, these factors are ; inaction, dehydration/humidity, barometric force per unit area alterations, in-flight services, and gesture illness. Some patients should be evaluated before winging ; those people are with medical conditions such as ; diabetes, gestation, cardiovascular diseases, Deep Vein Thrombosis, pneumonic diseases, breaks, infections upsets, Central Nervous System Disorders, and psychiatric upsets. For those who travel in long trips, some safeguards need to be taken in order to avoid any complications that can go on. These safeguards and advices will be divided into three classs ; advices sing the musculoskeletal system, advices sing the circulation, and advices for the pneumonic system, Particular equipments and attention available on most air hoses includes compaction stockings, particular seating, wheelchair services, and O equipments. Our purposes are to heighten safety for riders and avoid any complications that can go on, and to advance public consciousness among long distance traveling.Literature Reappraisal:On 2003, a survey was done by Paganin et Al, to gauge relationship between air- travel and venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) , this survey was based on a instance control study ; they measured the frequence of VTE, associated hazard factors and factors act uponing the oncoming of pneumonic intercalation or deep vena thrombosis. The survey was conducted over 1 twelvemont h, the questionnaire was sent to doctors ; they found that long continuance air-travel VTE is associated with other underlying thromboembolic hazard factors, low mobility during flight is a dramatic modifiable hazard factor of developing pneumonic intercalation, travellers with hazard factors for VTE should be advised to increase their mobility. ( Paganin F. , et Al, 2003 ) A survey was done by Beasly, et Al, on 2005 to place the association between prolonged seated stationariness and VTE in relation to drawn-out period of traveling, patients were followed certain inclusion standards which includes: ( hospital discharge diagnosing of DVT and/or pneumonic intercalation, history of regular seated stationariness at least 8 hours and there is no other recognized hazard factors. ( Beasly R. et Al, 2005 ) Opatray, et Als and others have conducted the largest instance control survey on 2004 in Canada taking to confuse the relationship between travel and the hazard of acquiring deep vena thrombosis [ DVT ] . The participants in this survey were both male and female with a average age of 56 old ages old. They were divided into two groups ; the first group were patients with a confirmed diagnosing of DVT and the 2nd group were patients in whom DVT were ruled out. A elaborate travel history, medicines, familial testing, and were taken from the patients. Besides the relation between DVT and any travel, travel continuance, and the method of transit [ plane or auto ] were tested and analyzed. The consequences showed that plane going longer than 12 hours has increased odds ratio of acquiring DVT than those who travel in a auto or in shorter continuances. The clinical diagnosings of DVT or PE were required radiological verification by one of the followers: positive compaction Doppler ultrasound, positive venography ; high or intermediate chance V/Q scan ; positive pneumonic angiography. They propose the acronym ‘SIT ‘ ( seated stationariness thromboembolism syndrome ) to embrace all signifiers of sitting stationariness associated with VTE ; the consequences shows that travellers were with hazard of VTE due to drawn-out period of stationariness. ( Opartray L. et Al, 2004 ) – Factors that may adversely impact healthy riders sing long period of traveling:1- Inaction:Peoples tend to sit passively for many hours at a clip. Even for physically fit travellers a certain grade of dependent hydrops and pooling of the blood occurs. Dependent hydrops is one of minor concern to healthy rider but may be aggravated by certain conditions such as gestation. In instance of leg breaks, the extra puffiness may go risky if force per unit area on the dramatis personae compromises circulation ; one air hose has reported a instance in which sphacelus developed after a long distance flight because the dramatis personae was excessively tight. We recommend that the limb be elevated if possible, and in the instance of recent breaks, the dramatis personae be bivalved so that it can be loosened should excessive swelling occur. Venous pooling and stasis may ensue in thrombophlebitis or orthostatic hypotension in susceptible people. The most common medical exigency is conking. Normally it occurs on the manner to the washroom. This likely consequences from orthostatic hypotension aggravated by drawn-out posing and mild hypoxia. ( Skejenna O.et Al, 1991 ; Air Travel )2-Dehydration/Humidity:Relative humidness can drop really quickly to between 5 % & A ; 10 % , and this low humidness can do drying of the oral cavity, nose ( mucose membranes ) , and pharynx ; besides it can do dry tegument and oculus annoyance. Peoples with skin conditions should be excess cautious because it may be aggravated by waterlessness. Reduced cabin force per unit area can besides do gas volume enlargement ; this can be a job if there has been recent surgery that has introduced gas into the abdominal pit. Most riders really gain weight because of unstable consumption ; however, it ‘s recommended that desiccating drinks such as intoxicant, java and certain soft drinks be avoided. There are countries in which cabin air becomes stagnant, and contaminations such as baccy fume may non be removed every bit rapidly as desirable. Mattson, et Al and associates demonstrated important degrees of cotinine ( a metabolite of nicotine ) in the piss of non-smoking riders and flight attenders after a flight, degrees that were related to these people ‘s evaluations of irritation. ( Skejenna O.et Al, 1991 )3-Barometric force per unit area alterations:Commercial aeroplanes and jet air-craft pressurized equivalent of an height of 6000 to 8000 foot ( 1830 to 2440 m ) , non to sea flat force per unit area. Therefore, air in organic structure pits or other closed infinites expands by about 25 % ; this enlargement may worsen certain medical conditions. Decrease in atmospheric force per unit area consequences in reduced partial force per unit area of O and reduced entire force per unit area, which may give rise to jobs due to gas enlargement and diffusion of gases from solution. ( Air Travel ; Flying withaa‚ ¬A ¦ , 2008 )4-In-flight service:Patients on particular diets may be accommodated, provided the air hose is informed at least 24 hours in progress. Although the quality of these repasts is good it is non infallible, and the traveller should take safeguards if his or her status is sensitive to nutrient. Peoples with nutrient allergic reactions should detect the same strict safeguards that they would whenever dining out. ( Alvarez D. et al, )5-Motion Sickness & A ; Turbulence:In general, air travel is one of the smoothest agencies of conveyance available. However, during long distance flights the aircraft about ever passes over at least one conditions system, and even at high attitudes some turbulency may be encountered. Turbulence may do gesture illness or hurt. While seated, riders should maintain their place belts fastened at all times. Motion illness can be uncomfortable and abashing every bit good as doing uncomfortableness to other riders. ( Air Travel ) Some medical conditions that require specific rating before traveling: Unless otherwise indicated these recommendations have been developed by civil and military aeromedical forces and are based on experience in managing certain conditions, the pre-flight rating should concentrate on the rider ‘s medical status with particular consideration given to possible infectivity, the dose and timing of any medicine and exercisings, besides for particular aid petitions.1-Diabetes:There are no limitations on winging with well-controlled diabetes ; diabetic patients should transport their medicine ; since exposure to even cabin flat height may ensue in a lower blood glucose degree. Insulin dependent diabetes are usually required to hold a missive of mandate from their physician to let passenger car of acerate leafs in their manus baggage ; it should be carried in a cool bag or pre-cooled vacuity flask It ‘s of import that they are cognizant of jobs caused by clip zone alterations, it ‘s recommended to stay on one clip system during flight and merely try to readapt to local clip on reaching at their finish. ( Alvarez D. et Al, ; Anne R. , 2005 )2- Pregnancy:Due to the increasing hazard of an-in-flight bringing, most air hoses prohibit travel after the terminal of the 36th hebdomad in incomplete singleton gestations, earlier bounds apply for multiple/complicated gestations or with a history of premature bringing, the bound for multiple gestation is by and large 32 hebdomads. The hazard of Deep Vein Thrombosis ( DVT ) is increased in gestation ; reasonable safeguards should be taken as for any traveller, there are extra hazard factors for thrombosis, specialist advice may necessitate to be taken. Particular equipment and attention available on most air hoses includes compaction stockings, particular seating, wheelchair services, and O equipment. ( Alvarez D. et Al, ; Anne R. , 2005 )3- Cardiovascular Diseases:Examples include recent Myocardial Infraction, Coronary arteria beltway grafting, angina pectoris, phlebitis and congestive bosom failure. -Myocardial Misdemeanor: The most frequent cause of decease in flight cardiac apprehension, normally caused by a myocardial misdemeanor, some air hoses recommend waiting 6 to 12 hebdomads before going, auxiliary O will probably be required at a flow rate of 2 to 4 L/min ; if the patient must go within 6 hebdomads of the last acute event or if angina at remainder is experienced. -Coronary arteria beltway grafting: A surgical method that improves blood flow through coronary arterias which were narrowed due to atheroma. Air travel can be contemplated, if necessary, at 10 yearss station surgery, therefore leting clip for the air introduced into the thorax to be reabsorbed. -Phlebitis: Peoples with a history of lower limb thrombosis or varicosities should have on support hosiery and exert their legs sporadically. -Patients with gait shaper: A pacesetter is a little device that ‘s placed in the thorax or venters to assist command unnatural bosom beat, This device uses electrical pulsations to motivate the bosom to crush at a normal rate, Consult with your doctor before doing any travel agreements merely to guarantee your pacesetter is in good standing. It would non be good to take a long distance trip and have a job. ( Alvarez D. et Al, ; Anne R. , 2005 ; Skejenna O.et Al, 1991 )4-Deep Vein Thrombosis ( DVT ) :The hazard of venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) about doubles after a long period flight ( & gt ; 4 hours ) , the hazard increases with the continuance of the travel and with multiple flights within a short period, its immobilisation instead than any cabin environment effects of the curdling system that is thought to be the cause of the increased hazard. When seated for a drawn-out sum of clip, the articulatio genuss remain at a right angle, ensuing in a â€Å" crick † in the venas of the legs, forestalling proper circulation. All riders should maintain nomadic whilst in flight, its recommended that they stand in their place country and stretch their weaponries and legs every twosome of hours, walk around the cabin whenever they can and follow an in place exercising plan. ( Paganin F. , et Al, 2003 ; Opartray L. et Al, 2004 ; Beasly R. et Al, 2005 )5-Pulmonary Diseases:Passengers with asthma and chronic diseases ( including clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) and cystic fibrosis ) are normally able to go safely if the status is stable and there has been no recent impairment. -Asthma: Patients with stable asthma should be able to wing without jobs, preventative and alleviating inhalators should be carried in the manus baggage, portable atomizers may be used at the discretion of cabin crew, and they may be connected to the air craft electrical supply. Patient should make some of take a breathing exercisings to better their O degree and to loosen up their musculuss. -Cystic Fibrosis: Medicines should be divided between manus and clasp luggage to let for holds and way stations, portable atomizer may be used and they may be connected to electrical supply, patients prescribed in-flight O should have O while sing high height finishs, riders should set about physical therapy during way stations. ( Coker R. , 2002 ; Skejenna O.et Al, 1991 )6-Fractures:Patients should wait for 24 hours following application of plaster dramatis personae for flights of less than 2 hours and for 48 hours on longer flights because air may be trapped beneath the dramatis personae. If pressing travel is necessary, a bi-valved plaster dramatis personae can be used to forestall harmful puffiness, and circulative jobs peculiarly on long flights. A fractured leg should be kept elevated if possible, careful place choice can assist. Mandibular breaks deserve excess cautiousness ; if the jaw is wired the patient should transport wire cutters, because of the hazard of turbulency patients may non go with free-hanging grip, patients who require grip may go ( normally by stretcher ) with the limb or extremity fixed to the splint ( i.e. , Thomas splint or halo splint ) . ( Your healthaa‚ ¬A ¦ )7-Infection Disorders:There is concern about the potency for transmittal of infective disease to other riders on board commercial aircraft. There is besides concern about the consequence of travel after recent respiratory piece of land infections. The most of import consideration is that of transmittal of pneumonic TB, particularly that of multiple drug resistant ( MDR ) TB. Patients with infective TB must non go by public air transit until rendered non-infectious. World Health Organization guidelines province that three smear negative phlegm scrutinies on separate yearss in a individual on effectual anti-tuberculosis intervention indicate an highly low potency for transmittal, and a negative phlegm civilization consequence virtually precludes possible for transmittal, this may be over cautiousnesss. While this remains the policy for HIV positive patients, HIV negative patients who have completed 2 hebdomads of effectual anti-tuberculosis intervention are, in pattern, by and large considered non-infectious. ( Coker R. , 2002 )8-Central Nervous System Disorders:Following a shot or cerebro-vascular accident, riders can normally go after 3 yearss if stable or recovering, through formal medical clearance should be sought if travel is required within 10 yearss. For those with intellectual arteria inadequacy, hypoxia may take to jobs and auxiliary O may be advisable, rider with stable epilepsy may be more prone to ictuss during a long flight ; mild hypoxia and hyper-ventilation are known precipitating factors, in add-on to the exasperation of weariness, anxiousness and irregular medicine. It ‘s recommended that epileptic patients increase their medicine before winging and restart normal doses merely after geting at their finish. ( Coker R. , 2002 )9- Psychiatric Disorders:Because of the safety deductions, psychiatric upsets need to be stable and controlled, for riders with other upsets, such as anxiousness or depressive neuroticism, the airdrome environment and the flight itself may hold a important impact. Small doses of minor tranquilizers may be helpful in riders who are familiar with their effects and side effects, nevertheless, great attention must be taken to avoid over sedation ( which could be misinterpreted by cabin crew as serious unwellness ) and blending with intoxicant which can take to unpredictable behaviour. A assortment of classs is available to assist those with a fright of winging and riders will normally happen cabin and flight crew highly supportive if they are cognizant of the job. ( Coker R. , 2002 ) For those who travel in long trips, some safeguards need to be taken in order to avoid any complications that can go on. These safeguards and advices will be divided into three classs ; advices sing the musculoskeletal system, advices sing the circulation, and advices for the pneumonic system.Advices for the musculoskeletal system:Neck axial rotations:Advantage: these exercisings combined with external respiration exercisings which will be discussed subsequently has a great consequence in cut downing the tenseness stored at the cervix. Exercise: the rider should get down with external respiration in so dropping the cervix towards the thorax. From this relaxed place where he feels that his caput is heavy ; he would get down to circle his caput to the right while he is take a breathing out and back for five times. Then do the same to the left side in slow controlled form.Shoulder Axial rotations:Advantage: shoulder axial rotations helps to forestall and cut down musculus cramp of the shoulder and the cervix musculuss. It besides corrects the inappropriate position taken during the flight. Exercise: it is done by humping the shoulder frontward so upward, so backward, and downward. In simple words it is soft slow round gesture of the shoulder repeated five times in one way so another five in the opposite way.Shoulder Stretch:Advantage: they have the same consequence of shoulder axial rotations plus keeping the shoulder musculuss length and prevent shortening. Exercise: stretching the anterior facet of the shoulder is performed by clasping the custodies behind the dorsum and straightens the arm every bit much as possible. This is combined by widening the cervix to look at the ceiling. Stretch the posterior facet of the shoulder is performed by is by conveying the right manus over the left shoulder. Then place the left manus behind the right cubitus and use a soft pull towards the organic structure. Keep the stretch place for at least 15 seconds and reiterate it 5 times.Trunk forward flexure:Advantage: this exercising stretches the back musculuss and prevents shortening. It besides reduces the opportunity of acquiring back hurting after the flight. Exercise: with both pess n the floor and tummy held in, easy bend frontward seeking to make your mortise joints. Keep this place for 15 seconds and easy sit back. Repeat it 5 times.Knee lifts:Advantages: forestalling articulatio genus, hip, and natess pain because of the drawn-out posing. It besides maintains the scope of gesture of these articulations. Exercise: maintain the right leg set and raise the articulatio genus up the thorax. Then conveying it back to the normal place. Make it for five repeats so exchange to the other legKnee to chest:Advantage: it is a stretching exercising for the gluteal muscle and the hamstrings musculuss to forestall musculus shortening and cut down the odds of musculus cramp. Exercise: flex frontward somewhat. Clasp the custodies around the right articulatio genus and embrace it to the thorax. Keep the stretching place for 15 seconds. Keep the custodies around the articulatio genus so easy allow it down. Switch over the legs and reiterate it 1 times. ( Sheehan j. , 2004 ; Pizar A. , 2009 ; Alvarez D. et Al, ; Your healthaa‚ ¬A ¦ ; Air Travel )Advices and Precautions Sing the Circulation:1. Ankle circles:Advantage: this is a critical exercising to maintain the circulation of your organic structure active and to assist in the venous return. It is besides good for maintain and forestall the loss of the ankle scope of gesture. Exercise: raise the pess of the floor. Pull a circle with your toes, at the same time traveling one pes clockwise and the other pes counterclockwise. After 15 seconds reverse the circles and repetition as desired.2. Foot pumps:Advantage: another indispensable exercising for the circulation and to forestall the opportunities of developing a DVT. Exercise: Feet gesture is in three phases: Keep the heels on the floor and raise the forepart of the pess up every bit much as possible. Keep this place for 2 seconds. Put both pess flat on the floor. Keep the balls of the pess on the floor and raise the heels every bit high as possible. The three phases should be repeated for 30 seconds.3. Compaction stockings:Advantage: it assist in forestalling puffiness of the mortise joints due to drawn-out posing and the gravitation. It besides improves the blood return to the organic structure from the lower legs. The carrying must non be excessively tight or excessively lose. A good fitted carrying size is the most recommended. 4. Keep traveling around the cabin on occasion. 5. Stay adequately hydrated and avoid surplus intoxicant and java. 6. Keep the pess elevated by utilizing the leg rests at higher lift. ( Sheehan j. , 2004 ; Pizar A. , 2009 ; Alvarez D. et Al, ; Your healthaa‚ ¬A ¦ ; Air Travel )Advices for Pneumonic System:1. Peoples who are breathless at remainder should non go without O supply. 2. Patients should transport preventative and alleviating inhalators in their manus baggage. 3. COPD patients should make take a breathing exercisings every two hours: the exercisings include pursed lips take a breathing. The exercisings consist of taking a deep breath from the olfactory organ ; keep it in for 2 seconds. Then purse your lips and take the breath out from your oral cavity easy. ( Coker R, 2002 )

Aristotle Ethics Essay

Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics provides a sensible account for what true moral virtue is and how one may go about attaining it. Aristotle covers many topics that help reach this conclusion. One of them being the idea of mean between the extremes. Although Aristotle provided a reliable account for many philosophers to follow, Rosalind Hursthouse along with many others finds lose ends and topics which can be easily misinterpreted in Aristotle’s writing. Aristotle explains his concept of â€Å"mean between the extremes† by the following quote: â€Å"In everything that is continuous and divisible it is possible to take more, less, or an equal amount, and that either in terms of the thing itself or relatively to us; and the equal is an intermediate between excess and defect† (Book II. 6, p. 1747 l. 25-28). Here he defines human virtue as an arrangement or disposition to behave in the right manner or as a mean between the extremes (excess and deficiency). However, later he continues to add how this mean or intermediacy is not the same for every person. A mean, according to Aristotle is determined by one’s needs and capacity. Not everyone has the same mean hence; everyone does not have the same needs or capacities. The mean, Aristotle goes on to explain, is relative to the person, not the object. It has to be relative to not only you as a person, but also relative to your situation, not just your opinion. â€Å"If ten pounds are too much for a particular person to eat and two too little, it does not follow that the trainer will order six pounds; for this also is perhaps too much for the person who is to take it, or too little- too little for Milo, too much for the beginner in athletic exercises. † (II. 6, 1747 l. 36-39) According to Aristotle, there is a right answer or an objectively correct mean for everyone when you take inot account their situation. Aristotle tries to paint a picture of how one should go about determining this mean in a situation. He provides several examples and instances and even presents the excess, defect and intermediate in each for the reader to analyze. Briefly, Aristotle classifies the mean as being the main characteristic in achieving excellence. He explains how moral excellence can only be attained through figuring out these excesses, deficiencies and intermediates. He also adds in how simply knowing these three is not everything, but feeling them at the right time, the right place, in the right situation, etc is just as important. â€Å"For instance, both fear and confidence and appetite and anger and pity and in general pleasure and pain may be felt both too much and too little, and in both cases not well; but to feel them at the right times, with reference to the right objects, towards the right people, with the right aim, and in the right way is what is both intermediate and best, and this is characteristic of excellence† (II. 6, 1747, 1106 l. 19-23). In book two, chapter seven, Aristotle begins to form an outline of general means that every person should be aware of. He talks about anger, pride, honor, the giving and taking of money, etc. By discussing these subjects he constructs an outline of summary of these states to help one better understand the principles behind attaining moral virtue. In chapter eight of book two, Aristotle discusses how one extreme may be closer to the mean than the other. He gives two reasons for this: one being drawn from the thing itself and the other from ourselves. In other words, when he states â€Å"for because one extreme is nearer and liker to the intermediate, we oppose not this but rather its contrary to the intermediate. E. g., since rashness is thought liker and nearer to courage, and cowardice more unlike, we oppose rather the latter to courage; for things that are further from the intermediate are thought more contrary to it? another is drawn from ourselves; for the things to which we ourselves more naturally tend seem more contrary to the intermediate† (II. 8, 1750, 1109 l. 4-14), he implies that when assessing the mean in relevance to the object itself, it can be seen that sometimes it falls closer to one end than the other. For example, as Aristotle explains, a coward lies further away from the mean (having courage) then rashness does. In a way, being rash implies being courageous because one who is rash does not think too hard before acting therefore shows courage, even though he/she does so in an illogical way. On the opposite end, someone who is referred to as a coward shows no courage and does not act bravely but rather chooses to hide and do nothing. The second method Aristotle discusses is related to ourselves and what we assume to be closer to the mean. He says that the things we mostly tend to do are the things we consider further from the mean. In other words we consider ourselves to be deficient in a sense because what we do seems to be the flip side of the intermediate. He says that since the extreme which is furthest from the mean is that which is the most contrary to the mean we describe the things we are most likely to lapse inot as contrary to the intermediate. In addition, referring back the courage example, people know that we are more likely to be cowardly than rash, so we are more aware of being deficient in courage. Aristotle goes on to discuss how one may figure out what extreme the mean is closer to. He says that to do so, one must follow three rules: 1) avoid the extreme which is furthest from the mean, 2) notice what errors we are most likely to commit and avoid them diligently, and 3) be wary of pleasure because it often slows or blurs our judgment. If these three rules are obeyed, Aristotle says that we shall be able to hit the mean between the extremes. When Aristotle uses the bent stick example, he is just showing a comparison between someone dragging themselves away from the bad extreme and trying to straighten a bent stick. They are both hard to do but they must be done for the overall good. When you straighten the bent stick, you are drawing it away from one side and bringing it back to the middle, just as one must do with themselves. Rosalind Hursthouse does a very good job in discussing Aristotle’s concept of phronimos. Hursthouse believes that the phronimos is different from a person who is not truly virtuous but nonetheless hits the mean between the extremes on a particular occasion in the sense that the phronimos is a master in all the v-rules presented by Aristotle in his account. It is these v-rules that help the phronimos be as good at making decisions and making the right choices as Aristotle suggests he is. Hursthouse says that even though these v-rules exist, they do not capture what gives the phronimos his special knowledge. Therefore, she goes on to say â€Å"What is special about the phronimos’s knowledge is the especial understanding he brings to these rules, his unique mastery of the concepts involved. All the difficult work, one might say, is done by this superior understanding, not by the rules themselves. To lack phronesis is to lack such mastery; so these rules, the v-rules, cannot be fully understood by those lacking phronesis† (13). So pretty much, even though a person can comprehend these rules and then hit the mean between the extremes after following them, he is still not doing that as well as the phronimos can because he/she is not capable of truly understanding those rules for what they are. Hursthouse thinks that there is no set code for the phronimos to follow. This code, often referred to as the v-rules discussed earlier, are not guidelines because they are not very hard to comprehend. They are only statements of simple moral virtue that anyone who has had a decent upbringing knows to some extent. Therefore she argues, how can these rules be a code for the phronimos when it is so far ahead of the normal person and sees what normal, non virtuous individuals cannot. This debate was primarily between the generalists and the particularists. The generalist said that the phronimos must know a code but the particularist denied it. Since the phronimos does not attain virtue through a code, Aristotle explains that his virtue is due to a proper upbringing mixed with the right lectures in adult hood. In other words, unless someone does not have the right childhood and does not learn the appropriate and virtuous ways of life during this childhood, he cannot grow up and attain phronimos by listening to a philosopher’s lectures because he is not equipped with the right â€Å"tools† to truly understand the essence of moral virtue. As Hursthouse states, â€Å"Phronesis-excellence in practical reasoning, moral knowledge- can be acquired only by habitually engaging in virtuous action, not, for example, just by learning a written code of conduct† (16). This statement holds true because once again, the phronimos differs from the normal non virtuous man not because he knows this â€Å"code of conduct† but because he knows how to properly interpret and apply it to life and his surroundings. He knows what to look for in every situation whereas someone that only has a general understanding does not know what to look for. That is how the phronimos is able to make certain decisions that an ordinary person may not be able to make. Therefore, the phronimos not only has knowledge of these code-like rules, but he has â€Å"special knowledge†. Given the nature of virtue, it can be said that Aristotle does not give the best account one can in regards to moral living because he focuses too much on phronimos. His concept of phronesis seems to be unattainable almost because he repeatedly states that it cannot be attained through normal means. In a way he even insults philosophers by saying that a person cannot attain this perfect moral virtue through their lectures. Another reason is because Aristotle relies too much on emotions to get a person through. Kant argues this by saying that emotions are not everything. Reason is just as important if not more because it provides a way to incorporate those emotions inot a logical explanation or even to better understand them. Aristotle incorporates reason inot his work but stresses emotions even more so. Aristotle has provided a very strong base frame for moral virtue. He covers all the main concepts and points that should be noted. However, there are many lose ends in his work as well. He does not go inot much detail about the different situations that can arise when trying to do what is morally virtuous. However, overall Aristotle provides an accurate account. Aristotle’s Ethics are the ground work for many philosophers in trying to understand what moral virtue truly is. He provides a definition of what every man should try and achieve (phronimos). Many philosophers not only argue his points but also agree with them. At the end of the day, it is he who set the main rules for virtue.